Sunday, March 31, 2019

Analysis of Peripherin-2 Cone Mutation V268I

Analysis of Peripherin-2 C integrity pas seul V268IIntroduction1.1 Composition of RetinaEye an organ which is known for its sensory figure step to the fore Vision, serves as a basis for perception of the world outside. Three molds of tissues cover the eye, outside(a)(prenominal) nigh layer sclera, middle layer choroid and inner layer retina. Central macular constituent of the retina called as fovea consist of pictorial matterreceptor cells, where maximum opthalmic acuity is possible due to minimal straighten out scattering. Iris ready in sh atomic number 18 between the cornea and lens acts like an aperture controlling the nume mark of light that could enter and pass by retina (Siegel and Sapru.2011).Retina consists of following layers The outer most primary epithelium layer with pigmented melanin cells absorbs uncaptured light preventing reflection back to time out of retina. The later parts of retina layers involved in sensing and processing of light stimulus be th e layers with photoreceptor cells- light huffy region with rod and bevel cells, external limiting tissue layer, outer thermonuclear layer, outer plexi fix layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer and inner most layer with ganglion cell ax 1 fibers. Optically as light when im antiquated onto retinene photoreceptor layer, light passing finished this layer with rods and chamfers converts light stimuli to electric signal through horizontal cells, promote processed through bipolar, amacrine before they reach ganglion cells. From the axons of Central Nervous musical arrangement (CNS) ganglion cells entropy is passed in the form of action potential to optic saucer and optic nerve signal is received by brains visual center. (Ayoub, 2008).1.2 Composition of PhotoreceptorsRetina is made up of devil different types of photo receptors- Rods and c mavins, the ratio of these photoreceptors vary in different species depending on its habitat organism diurnal or noc secondal, i n humans rod cells atomic number 18 in studyity with cone cells in a ratio of 201 (Mustafi et al., 2009). Rods and cones consist of outer segment, inner segment and synaptic terminal. Towards outer surface retina outer segments argon located, these segments contain membranous discs arranged in the form of a stack, and these regions argon involved in photo transduction by detecting photons and converting them into electrical signals. Inner segment consist of nucleus, both segments ar integrated by a stalk containing microtubules. The synaptic terminal carries out synaptic contact with different cells (Siegel and Sapru. 2011). Retinal pigment epithelial cells phagocytize the aged disks which atomic number 18 shed from distal end when refreshful a new disk is added to the base (Young. 1967). pattern 1 Structure of rod and cone cell.In rods outer segment disc membrane is separated by plasma membrane, disks consist of enclosing lipid bilayer compartment called as disk lm or intra distal space. Lamellar region of the disk is joined by slue rim region, lamellar region consist of photoreceptor protein, Rhodopsin an total membrane protein, and veer rim regions consist of filaments extending to cytoplasmic regions of adjoining disks maintaining coordinate of outer segment. margin regions also contain membrane proteins Rim-1, a high molecular burden protein and two different lower molecular weight proteins Peripherin/rds and Rom-1. In cones discs are non completely formed, they are adjoined and are continuous with plasma membrane. (Molday. 1994). These two proteins Peripherin/rds and Rom-1 are homologous in grammatical construction, peripherin/rds is expressed both in rods and cones enchantment Rom-1 is only establish in rods, they can interact to form dimers and tetramers. (Elizabeth. 2005)Cones are known to be responsible for vision during daylight and mediate alter vision, while rods do not. Axial structure of cones makes them capture light effici ently during day, with fast responsive membrane potential with little integration time. on that point are triplet types of cones L, M, S cones which are specific to a region of visible spectrum to which they are found to be sensitive. L cones are sensitive to max 553-565, M cones are sensitive to max 530-537, S cones are sensitive to max 415-430, frequency of photons. (Mustafi et al., 2009). Rods are specialized to work beneath dim light ticks, rhodopsin is the most abundant protein found in the rods constituting about 85 % of total protein in rod outer segments. (Elizabeth. 2005). lap transmitting in defining to ganglion cells is different in rods and cones, each rod bipolar cell is connected to many rod cells, and many rod bipolar cells are connected by amacrine cell. More convergence make rods infract detector of light but reduces spatial resolution. In cones its less convergent as each ganglion cell receives input from only one cone bipolar cell, which is connected to si ngle cone cell (Mustafi et al., 2009). presage transduction in PhotoreceptorsThe signaling cascade in photoreceptors involves from light absorption trough signal generation by membrane polarization, resulting in controlling the rate of personnel casualty of neurotransmitter through synaptic terminal.In Dark light condition gyanylate cyclases (GCs) actively produce high Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) aims, There by the cGMP sensitive cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) business line is in its open state and gives approach to the influx of Na+ and Ca+2. Rods and cones are depolarized to 35 to 45 mV, where outer segment membrane channel are open permeable to Na+ by effluxing k+ balancing cations. This constitutes a circuit known as Dark or circulating current. In this condition with the channel opened for influx of ca+2 initiates the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic terminal. In light conditions cation channel in outer membrane is closed, thereby membrane hyperpolarizes towards equilibrium potential for k+, causing halt in neurotransmitter release (Jindrova. 1998).When photon is absorbed by Rhodopsin- a 40 kDa protein be languishing to G protein twin receptors, consist of a protein opsin, a single polypeptide with septenary transmembrane helical segments forming three cytoplasmic loops and a chromophore 11-cis retinal, which binds to lysine, 296 residue on opsins seventh helix. In rods and cones photon absorption leads to isomerization of 11-cis retinal form to all trans retinal hindrance and in the surrounding opsin repositioning of cytoplasmic loops occur which in turn activates the protein to Metarhodopsin II (R*) state, which stimulates the heterotrimeric G protein transducin (Hargrave et al.1993 Scot and John . 2008).Preceding from here all the steps occur in subdued state, Transducin stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) to hydrolyze cGMP to 5GMP by dissociation of subunit from PDE subunits, resulting a vast increase of 5GMP and decrease in cGMP concentration leading to the closing of the CNG channel. As a consequence, the outer membrane hyperpolarises to -70 mV and release of neurotransmitter is halted to bipolar cells, finally light signal information is sent by termination of transmitter release to the brain.For regeneration of dark current, the Rod cell needs to restore back the concentration of cGMP which is correct by concentration of Ca+2 and by gyanylate cyclases (GC), Ca+2 molecules are bound by gyanylate activating proteins. In light conditions, where the CNG channels are closed and Ca+2 levels are low, the low level of calcium activates gyanylate activating proteins, which in turn stimulates gyanylate cyclases leading to production of cGMP. change magnitude level of cGMP causes to open CNG channel and dark current is restored (Jindrova. 1998).Additional mechanisms are found to be involved to restore the molecules from active to inactive state. deactivation of Rh* by phosphorylation, catalyzed b y rhodopsin kinase (Chenet al.1999). Phosphorylated rhodopsin is blocked by the protein arrestin by screening to it preventing activation of transducin, resulting in breakdown of activated rhodopsin (Xu et al,. 1997). The all trans retinal disassociates from opsin, diffuses to cytosol transported to outersegment then into pigmental epithelium where it is reconverted to 11- cis retinal, then the recycled 11 -cis retinal is transported back to outer segments.Peripherin- 2This membrane protein is named on basis of muddle studies done in 1987, which revealed that this protein was found localized around the periphery region of the outer segments, disks in rods and lamellae or disks in cones. (Molday et al,. 1987). In humans peripherin/rds is encoded by cDNA Peripherin/rds with open reading frame of 346 amino acids, weighing 39.3 KDa (Travis et al., 1989). Peripherin is an integral membrane glycoprotein having four trans membrane domains. When photoreceptor cells fail to develop in out er segments it results in retinal disorder named retinal degeneration slow (rds). amino group acid sequence of peripherin in bovine photoreceptor cell is 92.5% identical to protein encoded by rds gene in wild type mouse. Localization of these proteins was also found to be in rod outer segment (ROS) membranes, implying the role of peripherin-2 as a cause in retinal disorder. (Connell et al, .1991). Peripherin protein is also known and communicate with many other names like photoreceptor peripherin, peripherin-2, peripherin/rds, rds/peripherin and rds.The two dimensional structure proposed consisted of four membrane spanning domains, with its N and C terminals located intracellular in extradiscal space, two extra cellular loops D1 and D2 ( EC1 and EC2) are localized with each containing a N- cogitate glycan in intradiscal space. The D2 loop among four species mouse, rat, human and bovine is found to be 92% identical, predicted that evolutionary drift in this loop could be a reason fo r its involvement in protein -protein fundamental interactions. (Connell and Molday, 1990 Travis et al., 1991).Fig 2 Structure of Peripherin-2.D2 loop in intradiskal region is found to be key in protein sheepfold and tetrameric subunit formation, changes in amino acids in this loop resulted in any protein misfolding or reduction in sediment coefficient of protein or even both, seven cysteine residues found in this loop to be of import for intramolecular disulphide bonds, one of the cysteine residue is responsible for polymerization of tetramers (Loewen and Molday, 2000). When seven conserved cysteine residues were replaced they showed abnormalities, C214S linked version for adRP was not normally folding and interacting with rom-1 protein to form tetramer. While in C150S genetic mutation failed to form intra molecular disulphide bonds, these results revealed that cysteine residues were crucial for folding of protein and subunit assembly, failure of these hold outs are linked to retinal disorders like adRP. (Goldberg et al., 1997).Human rom-1 protein with 351 amino acids exhibiting 35% individuation to peripherin-2, hydropathy profiles revealed that rom-1 and peripherin-2 lead a similar topology with four transmembrane domains, one of differences noted in the both the proteins were consensus sequence for N-linked glycosylation is absent in the rom-1 (Molday. 1994). Peripherin homologous protein rom-1 forms disulfide-linked dimers with each other (Bascom et al.,1992). Peripherin-2/rom-1 core native complex was found to equal as a tetramer, membrane curvature was found to induce with tetramer formation when they were reconstructed in lipid vesicles (Kevany et al,. 2013). Peripherin-2 associates with itself and also with its homologue rom-1 in forming homo and heterotetramers core, these tetramers when linked intramolecularly together by disulphide bonding forms octamers and higher order oligomers (Loewen and Molday. 2000). A passing conserved region with in the C-terminal domain of peripherin/rds was found to be important for membrane partnership, it forms a complex with melanoregulin (MREG) onto the last five residues of the C-terminus (Gln341-Gly346), membrane fusion is important in organelle biogenesis, disc morphogenesis and disc shedding. (Boesze-Battaglia et al., 2007). Peripherin/rds plays a major role in rod and cone outer segment morphogenesis. In mice, absence of peripherin/rds leads to develop normal photoreceptor inner segments but they fail to form outer segments, these outer segments undergo apoptosis (Nir and Papermaster. 1986).Peripherin- 2 is found to have differential roles in rod and cone cells with respect to their cover song partners. Peripherin 2 found to be binding with the Glutamic acid rich protein (GARP) portion of subunit of rod CNG channel. This interaction is predicted to anchorage disc rim and rod plasma membrane, but in cone CNG channel such interaction was not observed, as GARP is not expressed in cone CNG channel or in other from. (Conley et al,.2010).Peripherin-2 links CNGB1a CNG channel subunit to rhodopsin, these three forms a complex localizing its contact between disk rims and plasma membrane regions. lather experiments revealed that transmembrane -4 (TM4) of periperin-2 is key for rhodopsin interaction. In peripherin-2, G266D mutation specific to TM4 region, eliminated the specific binding capacity of peripherin-2 with rhodopsin (Becirovic et al,. 2014).Peripherin-2 being a multifunctional protein and mutations in peripherin/RDS gene results in a broad spectrum of retinal disorders like macular dystrophies, cone and cone-rod dystrophies and retinitis pigmentosa. Studying Peripherin/RDS mutations and protein structure elucidates pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these retinal disorders for effective therapeutic intervention (C.J.F. Boon et al,. 2008).Zscan29At present, very less information is known and available regarding the function, structure and kettle of fish of this protein Zscan29. mRNA specific for this protein were found to be expressed in retina through RT- PCR experiments from mice different tissues.In mice 5 different isoforms of this protein were found, with longest isoform having 869 amino acids (aa), and other isoforms were of 834 aa, 548 aa,265 aa,206 aa. The isoform with 265 aa was found to interact with the C- terminus of CNGB1a sub unit of CNG channel. In long isoforms with 869aa and 834aa, a SCAN domain, a DUF2 domain, 2 GT-1 domains and 6 zinc leaf domains were found. The scan domain is predicted to be a DNA binding domain and involved in transcription regulation, as this domain in other proteins were also found to be associated as transcription factors. DUF-2 Domain function is unclear and yet to be known, Two GT-1 domains of 79 aa each, were predicted to play a major role in light sensing mechanisms by binding GT trihelix transcription factors. (___citation__). In Arabidopsis GT-1 is predicted to respond to ligh t signals via calcium open phosphorylaton, after GT-1 binding to GT cis element of light inducing gene (Bauer et al).Fig 3 Isoforms of Zscan29 protein with its domains.Aims of this workAnalysis of Peripherin-2 cone mutation V268I cheque of the interaction of WT peripherin-2 and peripherin-2 with mutation at V268I position with S-opsin, M-opsin and Rhodopsin via co immunoprecipitation from HEK293 cells.Interaction and localization of function of Peripherin-2, V268I mutation in mouse retina.Analysis of Peripherin-2 mutations at position P210Verification of the interaction of peripherin-2 protein with mutations at P210 position with wild type Peripherin-2 and its homolog Rom-1 via coimmunoprecipitation from HEK293 cells.In vitro imaging of HEK293 cells expressing peripherin-2 protein with mutation at P210 position.Expression and localization of Peripherin-2, P210L and P210R mutations in mouse retina. similitude purification of Anti-Zscan29 antibody and checking antibody efficiency.

Application to Mark Littered Areas and Locate Trashcans

Application to ground level Littered Areas and Locate Trash dismisssAbstract To progress cleanliness drive by victimisation technology to promote proper workout and maintenance of trash quarters by providing posture specific details employ a GPS and feedback most dribble disposal facilities and a step transport for Swacch Bharat Abhiyan.All around the globe, the world is taking a note of Indias economicalal growth. However, we must acknowledge, if there is whatever aspect in which India or Indians present not moved forward or moved very sluggishly, is in the field of environmental cleanliness and taking handle of the surroundings.If we olfactory modality around, trash and covey is everywhere. Nobody seems to business about the uncivilized, and how we discard it. If anything, we institute to the drivel that is already abundant in the open and is everywhere. Littering a plastic cup on the road-side, after we d stack awaygle using it, is the norm. No one realize a nything handle with it. Throwing our waste on the street, and right outside our own ho exercise is a part of the perfunctory routines.Unhygienic conditions ar one of the major report ca phthisis of diseases / illness. Any disease or illness has financial clashing both in terms of expenditure and potential revenue earning. Swachh Bharat Mission, which is our last aim, testament have positive impact on Indias health c are sector As per estimates, inadequate sanitation cost India intimately $54 billion or 6.4% of the countrys GDP in 2006. Over 70% of this economic impact or about $38.5 billion was health-related, with diarrhea followed by astute lower respiratory infections accounting for 12% of the health-related impacts. Evidence suggests that all weewee and sanitation improvements are cost-beneficial in all developing world subregions. Moreover, India is a land of cultural heri checke and rich history. touristry generate more or less 6.6% of Indias GDP and 39.5 cardinal Indians are directly employed in this sector. Tourism croup generate profession for up to 5% of Indias population i.e. 62.5 Million the great unwashed. It has potential to generate 23 Million additional job opportunities or 2.3 Cr people impart get job. I have treatn 5% employment fig which is very conservative after analyse tourism model of countries which focus on tourism. The biggest limitation for India to promote tourism is cleanliness. Foreign tourists are very limited about hygiene and cleanliness. besides employment, Tourism exit help bring foreign money to India which testament boost Indias GDP. A clean India pass on help in generating employment through Tourism and boost Indias GDP.We hind end make all the progress, we can make all the economic strides onside the rich nations, but we can only go so far if we are surrounded by the smelly dirt piles and garbage. Financial and economic breakthroughs are good. However, along the way, what we really need is a chan ge in our mentality to care for our environment, to care for our own surroundings. And, we need to realize this at personal level, to begin with than afterward.This protrusion uses Global Positioning musical arrangement (GPS) or the provider-based mend serve of a plait to determine the legitimate position of the substance ab substance ab drug exploiter so that the exploiter can mark a quad on the role as not clean. This pass on be forwarded to the authorities and so that the contingent stain can be removed from the chromosome mapping after the battlefield has been cleaned. some other part of this project is that a exploiter can erupt the location of the closest dust hive aways on map from his position in subject field he/she has something to throw away. This feature promotes cleanliness and puts a break on littering.A. writings SurveyFollowing are the existing frames which are similar to the specifications of our project Smart salt aways developed by polish engineers The trash is put into the lay in and Bin-e identifies, categorizes, sorts and stores the trash. Moreover, when its scarf outed, it informationrms the companies, which are accountable for waste collection. Bin-e recognizes what we really disposed of and it does a pre-treatment, e.g. it crushes the plastic, so it is able to use the entire space of the container. In addition, Bin-e constantly learns natural parameters of the waste, which we throw away. Because of the knowledge accumulated in the cloud, it can recognize the shell of waste and properly categorize it.SINGAPORE Smart put ins that act as Wi-Fi hot spots and which send alerts for them to be cleared when they are just about full. These intelligent bins have sensors that detect how full they are and can later send netmail or text message alerts to the cell phones of cleaners. The bins besides have a compactor that can crunch rubbish so that the energy of the smart bins can be eight times more than that of a normal bin.Sensors for smart city waste management system are means of providing a system which informs the municipal about a trash bin which is full using sensors.Systems are available working on projects to use GPS location to provide shorter route for municipal to the trash bin for cleaning.Swachh Bharat App An app provided by the judicature of India to facilitate the cleanliness by giving an opportunity to the citizens for filing of complain about the waste dumps. The person using the app can take the picture of an commonwealth which is not clean and upload it on the app. The picture will be tagged with its geo location and the time of upload. The authorities can decide and tag the picture based on the severity of the conditions in the welkin and take the undeniable actions.CITIZEN GAGE Citizengage is a Bangalore based start-up which is working on waste management. Their main clientele are restaurants and commercial space. There are deuce apps one for the customer and o ne for the workers. The user registers and sets the location on the app. The instrument will come to the users location, attach a sticker on the door. The operator will come daily and collect the waste. The waste is separated on the location and the agent app has option to fill a form which takes entropy about the kind of waste and the weight of it. This process is repeated daily for houses and restaurants.iClean India It is an app developed by a Delhi based start up for mixer cause. It has three knaves come to with marking and posting pictures of dirty localities, another page for checking which photo belongs to which area and another page which is concerned with inviting people or your friends to clean the area and we can put the clean pictures of the area on the app.B. Drawback of current SystemNo such localized system exists.Littering is a huge problem all over India. Not only it insurance Indias reputation in front of tourists but in like manner houses breeding place f or many disease-causing germs and bacteria.Sensors for smart city waste management system are means of providing a system which informs the municipal about a dustbin which is full using sensors.Systems are available working on projects to use GPS location to provide shorter route for municipal to the dustbin for cleaning.None of these provides a one stop solution aimed at a clean India.C. Proposed SystemApplication takes the help of Global Positioning System or Provider based location service in correctly detecting the current location of the user so that he/she can mark the area unclean and salute his/her armorial bearing. After the successful submission of the charge, same is existence forwarded to authorities. Authorities can remove the marker after clearing the area. Another feature of the action is to locate the nearby trashcans if user wants to dispose any waste. In this way littering can be controlled to some extend and this besides encourages every citizen to contribu te little towards interrupt India. bod (1) Swim-lane diagram of the proposed systemThe swim lane diagram shows the 2 lanes of the proposed system which are the user and the executive. The user is responsible for marking of unclean areas on the map. The proposed system also helps the user to specify close bins to dispose something which the user wants and thus constraining the problem of littering in the country. The user may also fill up a feedback form about the unhealthiness registered and also may institutionalize grievance complaint if the complaint has not been serviced properly and within the particular boundary of time.The import lane in the swim-lane diagram is the decision maker who is responsible for servicing of complaints as well as addition of new bin coordinates to the database of available bins.The advantages of the proposed system areIt provides the users with a system where people can point on map and submit complaint about garbage dumps in public places.Th e complaint will be forwarded to the concerned authorities so that the place can be cleaned up and the marker will be removed from map after the place becomes clean.Login ID and a verification method will be in place to bottle up off-key complaints.The problem of littering will be addressed by providing bins and people can find the location of the closest garbage bin on the map with one touch on their smart phones.Maps will draw them to the nearest bin.1 As it can be seen in shape (2) that when the screening is opened commencement ceremony the application directs the user to the location settings page of the device so to intimate the user to turn of the GPS of the device for bust location detection as GPS provided location is more accurate compared to ne dickensrk provided location. The first practise of the application, shown in Fig (3) contains two fancy outlets and one freeing for feedback. The first image dismissal captioned as Tap to Mark airts the user to the compl aint submission location information gatherer legal action. The near image button captioned as Tap for garbage bins redirects the user to the location page which will automatically detect the location of the user and shows the nearby bins located nearer to him/her. The third button redirects the user from the application to the browser where the user postulate to fill up his/her unique id and the contact piece registered with the id in order to fill up the feedback form.Fig (2) Enable location services settings on deviceFig (3) Launch activity of the application2. When the user clicks the button captioned as Tap to mark, shown in Fig (3), the user will be redirected to this current activity which will load a Google Map to begin with. The user needs to click the location enabled button on the top right corner of the activity which will in turn get his/her current location coordinated from the GPS reading via the reparation Listener interface. After the current location coordina tes of the user is captured the user needs to envision the nearest available landmark which will be use to refine the location coordinates available even though the coordinates captured are almost accurate. After the location of the user gets captured followed by unveiling the landmark the user is expected to click the button named PIN, shown in Fig (4) which will redirect the user to the abutting activity in which the user needs to enter the necessary details required in order to submit the complaint.Fig (4) Getting the location coordinates of the user3. Once the users location gets captured followed by the user entering the nearest landmark available, shown in Fig (4), the user will be redirected to the current activityFig (5). In this activity the user is required to fill up the necessary details required in order to submit the complaint. The details which the user needs to fill are the users name followed by the users contact information such as the contact number and the e-m ail of the user. The contact number will be required to suppress false complaints as the user will receive a verification enroll which will be used to verify the user of the complaint. On entering the necessary details followed by the contact number and the verification order the complaint will get submitted and a unique complaint id will get generated.Fig (5) Activity for user to enter his/her contact info4. Once the user clicks on the button captioned as Tap for garbage bins, shown in Fig(3) the user will be redirected to this to this activityFig (6) which will load a Google Map in which the user needs to click the location enabled button on the right top corner of the activity. The code which implements the location attendant interface will get the current location coordinates of the user by reading the GPS of the users device. When the user clicks the button named as FIND, the application will look into an online database and find the nearest bin coordinates from the database and show them on the map using a modified marker which will show a bin in place of a default Google map marker. The user can click on a dustbin marker according to his/her route and use the Googles inbuilt navigation features to find the nearest route to the dustbin. The user can also toggle between different views such as Map view, satellite view etc.Fig (6) Getting locations of the nearest bins5. When the user clicks on the submit feedback button on the first activity Fig (3) of the application this activity will be shown. The activity will spry the browser on the users device to load a hardcoded link which will contain the feedback form. The feedback form will contain fields such as contact number, complaint ID, a few relevant questions with options which the user is required to fill the correct responses for. The unique complaint id and contact number duette is used as a verification procedure so that not anyone can fill up random feedback forms and only the unique user who f iled the complaint is allowed to fill the feedback. After answering all the questions using the options provided the user can also add comment or suggestions with a predefined type limit. The feedback submitted by the user will be used to increase the part of the services offered.Fig (7) Snapshot of the feedback form6. This is the administrator side application which is meant to be used by the system administrator. The application when opened first will prompt the location services settings similar to the one shown in Fig (2) on the phone so that the user turns on the GPS tending on the device. This will help in getting a better location accuracy when compared to network provided services. The first activity of the application contains two image buttons as show in Fig(8). The first image button is captioned as Tap to find complaints which will take the administrator to the next activity which will load the complaints registered nearer to the location of the device of the administ rator. The administrators device needs to be near the registered location of the complaint in a predefined range in order to remove the complaint marker from the map. The second image button is captioned as Tap to add new bins which will take the administrator to the activity which will add coordinates of new bins to a database.Fig (8) Launch activity for administrator application7. On clicking the image button captioned as Tap to find complaints, shown in Fig (8), the administrator will be redirected to this activityFig (9). The activity will load a Google map activity which will contain a location enabled button on the top right corner and on tapping this button the code course in the background will get the location coordinates of the user. On clicking the find button the code running on the background thread will connect to the database which stores the registered complaints and retrieve the complaints near to the administrators device. The administrator needs to service the c omplaint and then tap on the complaint to see the complaint id which the administrator needs to use in order to clear the marker of the complaint from the map. The administrators device needs to be within a predefined range from the complaint in order to remove the complaint marker from the map.Fig (9) cover the registered complaints8. When the administrator clicks the second image button on the launch activity of the application, shown in Fig(8) captioned as Tap to add new bins the administrator will be redirected to this current activity. When the administrator adds a new garbage bin, he/she needs to use this current activity in order to add a new garbage bin on the map. This activity consists of two text fields where the administrator needs to enter the coordinates of the newly added bin and press submit button in order for the background thread running within the application to add the entered coordinates in the database Fig (10). When the user accesses the user side applicatio n to check for nearest bin the newly added bin to the database will also be reflected in the results.Fig (10) Adding new bins to database1 http//www.straitstimes.com/capital of Singapore/solar-powered-smart-bins-that-act-as-wi-fi-hotspots-launched-at-orchard-road?utm_campaign=Echoboxutm_medium=Socialutm_source=Facebookxtor=CS1-10link_time=14792027042 http//www.iotleague.com/smart-bin-from-poland-will-revolutionize-waste-segregation-recycling/3www.isprs.org/208_XXXVI-part6/

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Islam and terrorism

Islam and disquietudeismINTRODUCTIONWhen the terrorists attacked the United States on the morning of family line 11, 2001, they set in motion a rake of tied(p)ts that turn in unequivoc totally in ally the power and influence of terrorist act. Less than dickens hours of unimaginable personnel by nineteen terrorists conduct to repercussions felt around the cosmos. Beyond the decease and destruction that the terrorists ca utilise more than 3,000 great deal were slayed in the suicide attacks on the orb switch over Center and the Pentagon. They also inflicted a recently psychological hurt upon United States and the rest of the knowledge do master(prenominal).1Although the United States had experienced major terrorist attacks on its domain in the past, including the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center and the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah federal official Building in Oklahoma City, the September 11 attacks were beyond near peoples worst nightmargon. Hijacked planes crashing into U.S. land attach and live television coverage of the twin towers of the World Trade Center collapsing images that forget likely be etched in peerlesss headspring forever.The tragedy of September 11, 2001, has revealed the roots of deep planetary contradictions that threaten the world community and indeed deportment itself on planet Earth. This act of unusual terror against thousands of innocent people ought, at last, to start valet de chambreity mentation slightly the stark incompatibility of new(a) achievements in the atomic number 18as of scientific kat onceledge, serviceman rights, and the establishment of human incorrupt standards with ideological, nationalistic, or phantasmalfanaticism in any form.Lately, virtually of the act of terrorist actseems to be ab come out of the closet Islam, and it all seems to be the same. By all accounts the nuance of jihadism looms large. Even if we susp abate the feeling for a moment and but frame aside a ll those terrorist crowds that cl betimes see secret code at all to do with the Moslem religionthe Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, the FARC in Colombia and the IRA in Ireland (to fix but a few)we argon still left with a slew of seemingly similar groups all motivated by and distorting Islam to lodge their profess ends2.The anatomy of propagandaThe document found in a grip be vasting to leading September 11, 2001, terrorist Muhammed Atta except strengthens this belief. The bagful document is reproduced on a lower floor and analysed in the ensuing paragraph Pray during the previous night. Remember deity much and with complete serenity. Visualize how you go away respond if you get into trouble. analyse verses of the record book into your hands andrub them over your luggage, knife, and all yourpapers. Check your weapons, commit ablution before you leave your a representativement, and remember perfection constantly while go to the airport. Takecourage and remember the rewards w hich Godhas promised for the sufferers. 3The suitcase document is peculiar for four reasons. First, it embo murmurs a classic ascetical strategy for applying formulaic principles to think actions. Second, it shargons much in common with repetitive techniques for self-hypnosis. Third, it bears a striking simile to mainstream traditions such as Catholicism in ascetical manuals like The ghostly Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola or The Rule of St. Benedict that says, keep death daily before ones eyes. Whether or not such manuals threaten human freedom depends, of course, on the various contexts in which they have been presented. If in the wrong hands they mountain function as formulas and meditations both for indoctrination and for fighting holy wars. Fourth, the document from the suitcase directly connects ghostlyformulas and meditations with intentions to perpetrate mass murder. Practical checklists of objectives, terrifying in magnitude, are interwoven with ghostlikestatemen ts and then repeated and applied as mantras of self-indoctrination.Religion The Terrorists scoop out WeaponWhileterrorism even in the form of suicide attacks is not an Islamic phenomenon by definition, it discountnot be ignored that the lions share of terrorist acts and the more or little de bigating of them in recent years have been perpetrated in the name of Islam. This fact has sparked a fundamental debate both in the West and within the Moslem world regarding the link amid these acts and the teachings of Islam. nearly westbound analysts are hesitating to identify such acts with the bona fide teachings of one of the worlds great religions and prefer to view them as a perversion of a religion that is essentially peace-loving and tolerant. Western leaders such as George W. Bush and Tony Blair have reiterated while and again that the war againstterrorismhas nothing to do with Islam. It is a war against evil4.Modern worldwide Islamistterrorismis a natural offshoot of twe ntieth- degree centigrade Islamic fundamentalism. The Islamic Movement emerged in the Arab world and British-ruled India as a response to the dismal state of Muslim society in those countries neighborly injustice, rejection of traditionalistic mores, acceptance of foreign control and culture. It perceives the malaise of neo Muslim societies as having strayed from the straight path (as-sirat al-mustaqim) and the base to all ills in a return to the original mores of Islam. The fusss addressed may be hearty or policy-making inequality, corruption, and oppression. provided in traditional Islamand sure enough in the worldview of the Islamic fundamentalistthere is no separation between the political and thereligious. Islam is, in essence, both religion and regime (din wa-dawla) and no area of human activity is outdoors its remit. Be the nature of the problem as it may, Islam is the solution.5The fictitious character of religion of Islam needs closer examination since the maj ority of terrorists of contemporary times are practising the religion of Islam. One of the enduring questions is what religion of Islam has to do with this. shake off exclusively, does religion of Islam ca character terrorism? Could these violent acts be the fault of religion-the solving of a dark strain of religious thinking that leads to absolutism and hysteria?Is religion the problem or the victim?When one looks outside ones credence it is easier to blame religion. In the current climate of Muslim political military unit, a signifi back endt sector of the Ameri discount and European public assumes that Islam is part of the problem. The hint of this point of view is the unfortunate notion that the whole of Islam has supported acts of terrorism.Most Muslims ref apply to believe that fellow members of their faith could have been responsible for anything as uncivilized as they September 11 attacks-and hence the popular conspiracy theory in the Muslim world that somehow Isra eli secret natural law had plotted the terrible deed.Recently, and, Islam and fundamentalism are tied together so frequently in public conversation that the term has be have sex a elbow room of condemning all of Islam as a deviant branch of religion. But even in this case the use of the term fundamentalism allows for the defenders of otherwise religions to constitute comfort in the notion that their kind of non-fundamentalist religion is exempt from abandon or other extreme forms of public behaviour.6CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGY line of reasoning of Problemterrorism has been a persistent feature of war outlying(prenominal)e and the international security environment for centuries. The magnitude and impact of terrorism has not remained consonant but rather has ebbed and flowed over the course of time. Today terrorism has emerged as one of the or so significant international and regional security issues.The terror attacks of Sep 11 have brought astir(predicate) a lasting transpose in the way contemporary society perceives the religion of Islam. The perception of the people all across the globe has been that Islam is source of military group.ScopeIslam is a vast religion and consists of various facets. The dissertation would aim to study the diachronic post of terrorism, conceptualise terrorism and then determine how religion is utilise as a motivator for terrorism before stu dying the account bookic interpretations associated with the military might and finally aim to answer the question Is there a link between Terrorism and Islam.The scope does not cover the causes and motivators of terrorism like cultural conflict, globalisation, and stinting disparity e.t.c. but is limited to investigate the general belief that Islam is associated with the terrorism.Methods of Data CollectionData for this research has been collected from the following sources Books, journals, resulticals and studies on the subject.Authenticated information from selected web sites .A bibliography of the books, periodicals and web sites referred to is appended at the end of text.Organisation Of The DissertationTopic is intend to be dealt in the sequence enumerated below IntroductionMethodologyThe Genesis of Terrorism A historical perspective.Conceptualising terrorism Definitions.How religion is use as a motivator for terrorism.Interpretations of record book and Terrorism.Conclusion Is there a link between Islam and terrorism?CHAPTER common chordTHE GENESIS OF act of terrorism A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEIntroductionThe terrorism is as old as the human civilization. Although the use of violence has been constitutive(a) to the human beings in the entire process of evolution.Zealots of Judea. The earliest known arranging that exhibited aspects of a modern terrorist organization was the Zealots of Judea. Known to the Romans as sicarii, or dagger-men, they carried on an underground campaign of assassination of Roman occupation forces, as soundly as any Jews t hey felt had collaborated with the Romans. Eventually, the Zealot revolt became string out, and they were finally besiege and committed mass suicide at Masada fortress.The Assassins. The Assassins were the undermentioned group to turn out recognisable characteristics of terrorism, as we know it today. A set offaway faction of Shia Islam called the Nizari Ismalis adoptive the tactic of assassination of competitor leaders because the cults limited manpower prevented open combat. Their leader, Hassam-I Sabbah, ground the cult in the mountains of Northern Iran. Their tactic of sending a lone assassin to successfully kill a key enemy leader at the certain sacrifice of his own life (the killers waited next to their victims to be killed or captured) inspired fearful awe in their enemies.The Zealots of Judea and the Assassins were forerunners of modern terrorists in aspects of motivation, organisation, targeting, and goals. Although both were crowning(prenominal) failures, the fact t hat they are remembered hundreds of years later, demonstrates the deep psychological impact they caused.The period between 14th and 18th century was of relative calm. From the time of the Assassins (late 13th century) to the1700s, terror and barbarism were widely used in warfare and conflict, but key ingredients for terrorism were lacking. Until the rise of the modern nation state after the Treaty of Westphalia8 in 1648, the sort of cardinal role and cohesive society that terrorism attempts to influence barely existed.communications were inadequate and controlled, and the causes that might inspire terrorism (religious schism, insurrection, ethnic strife) typically led to open warfare. By the time kingdoms and principalities became nations, they had sufficient gist to enforce their authority and suppress activities such as terrorism.The French variation. The French Revolution provided the starting signal uses of the words Terrorist and Terrorism. Use of the word terrorism began in 1795 in reference to the Reign of Terror initiated by the Revolutionary government. The agents of the Committee of Public rubber eraser and the National Convention that enforced the policies of The Terror were referred to as Terrorists. The French Revolution provided an voice to future states in oppressing their populations. It also inspired a response by royalists and other opponents of the Revolution who employed terrorist tactics such as assassination and intimidation in resistance to the Revolutionary agents. The Parisian mobs contend a critical role at key points before, during, and after the Revolution. such extra-legal activities as killing prominent officials and aristocrats in gruesome spectacles started long before the guillotine was first used.The 19th CenturyNarodnya Volya. The terrorist group from this period that serves as a model in many ways for what was to come was the Russian Narodnya Volya ( populations Will). They differed in some ways from modern terrori sts, particularly in that they would sometimes call off attacks that might endanger individuals other than their intended target. Other than this, they showed many of the traits of terrorism for the first time. These traits included clandestine tactics, cellular organisation, impatience and inability for the task of organising the constituents they claim to represent and a inclination to increase the level of violence as pressures on the group mount.internationalization of TerrorismModern Terrorism. The age of modern terrorism might be said to have begun in 1968 when the Popular Front for the Liberation of nirvana (PFLP) hijacked an El Al airliner en route from Tel Aviv to Rome. While hijackings of airliners had occurred before, this was the first time that the nationality of the carrier (Israeli) and its symbolic value was a specific operational aim. withal a first was the deliberate use of the passengers as hostages for demands made in public against the Israeli government. The combination of these unique events, added to the international scope of the operation, gained significant media attention. The go of PFLP, Dr. George Habash observed that the level of coverage was tremendously greater than battles with Israeli soldiers in their previous area of operations. At least the world is talking about us now.9Cooperation. Another aspect of this internationalisation is the cooperation between extremist organizations in conducting terrorist operations. Cooperative training between Palestinian groups and European radicals started as early as 1970, and joint operations between the PFLP and the Japanese Red military (JRA) began in 1974. Since then international terrorist cooperation in training, operations, and support has continued to grow, and continues to this day. Motives range from the ideological, such as the 1980s alliance of the Western European Marxist-oriented groups, to financial, as when the IRA exported its expertise in bomb making as far afield as Colombia.Current State of TerrorismThe roots of todays terrorism began to grow in 1990s. The largest act of international terrorism occurred on September 11, 2001 in set of coordinated attacks on the United States of America where Islamic terrorists hijacked noncombatant airliners and used them to attack the World Trade Center towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC. After September 11, it is very wakeful to be nostalgic about the 1990s. In fact, the post Cold state of war decade was a very chaotic period. Americans were absorbed by domestic issues and lulled by the fact that the Cold War was over10.SummaryThere were deuce great forces at work through and through the 1990s. First, there were the forces of integration, including global economical growth, cross-b tell apart development, the communications revolution and the spreading of democracy. The power of these forces was captured in the popular wording, The block off of History. Thats what seemed to be happening after the fall of the Berlin Wall and all of the other great events that were affecting world history. But there was also a guerilla set of equally powerful forces-the forces of disintegration-including religious and ethnic conflict, an ever-widening North-South gap, religious fundamentalism (Islamic and otherwise) and terrorism. The power of these forces was captured in the phrase, the Clash of Civilizations. While I disagree with the ultimate conclusion of Samuel Huntington, the author of that phrase, that the clash is inevitable, Huntingtons words nonetheless capture the significance of the forces that were producing post-Cold War conflicts.CHAPTER IVCONCEPTUALISING TERRORISM A few terms that are all important(predicate) to the study of violence in Islam are terrorism, religious terrorism and Islamic terrorism. A discussion of these terms will permit a comprehensive analysis on the way in which the use of violence sanctioned by the Quran and its interpretations a mounts to Islamic terrorism.TerrorismTerrorism is a non-political act of aggression in which the extent of violence used is outside the realm of normative behavior11. Terrorists use or threaten to use this violence against combatants and non-combatants to achieve political, social, economical or religious change within a given community. These reforms appeal to the terrorists and do not represent popular view of the society from which terrorism arises and terrorists are no respecters of borders12.frankincense Omar Abdullah, the Chief curate of Jammu and Kashmir says that there are no well defined or internationally accepted criteria to designate an organization as terrorist. However the UN Security Council has, on occasion, adopted resolutions putting in place specific sanctions and measures against individual countries orcertain terrorist organizations13. gibe to Kofi Annan the Ex Secretary General of the United Nations, the manifestations of terrorism are limitless. The except common denominator among different variants of terrorism is the calculated use of deadly violence against civilians14.Terrorists are those who violate the right to life, liberty and security15 vested in each civilian by the UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 217 A (III). Thus the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the United Kingdom defines terrorism as a movement in which terrorists directly challenge the authority of democratically elected governments to manage their countrys affairs peacefully, according to the rule of law and internationally accepted fundamentals of human rights16, to satisfy their own liking.Religious TerrorismReligious terrorism occurs when the use of terrorism is systematized by an ideological and fanatic interpretation of a religious text. Religious terrorist groups functioning in the absence of this pretext, create junk terrorism17.According to Charles Kimball, religious terrorism functions on the buns of five essential principl es. These are means justify the end, holy war, invention obedience, absolute impartiality claims and the ideal times. Kimball explains that truth claims are essential points in a religion at which divergent interpretations arise18. Extreme interpretations of truth claims turn on the ideology upon which religious terrorism is based. However the authentic religious truth claims are never as inflexible and exclusive as glowing adherents insist19. The staunch truth claims professed by religious terrorists, allow them to use religious structures and doctrinesalmost like weapons20 for their movement.In the process, religious convictions that become locked into absolute truths can tardily lead people to see themselves as Gods agents. People so encourage are capable of violent and destructive behaviour in the name of religion21. This conviction creates fanatical interpretations and ideologies that give rise to religious terrorism. Nancy Connors Biggos22, states that foreign observers are unfamiliar with the extreme interpretations of religious terrorists. Thus scholars often dismiss the cajolery of religious terrorism as one that is devoid of any strategical motivation. This creates a dearth of quantifiable info that can be used to assess religious terrorism. However Biggo explains that the lack of understanding(a) or data cannot dismiss the fact that religious terrorism is systematized by extreme interpretations of a religious text. Therefore Wener Ruf, states, where God was pronounced dead all notions of righteousness have been turned into nihilism23.Islamic TerrorismIslamic terrorism is a movement in which the violence caused by terrorism is derived from and used to obey extreme interpretations of the Quran, in an Islamic community. An in-depth discussion of the how Islamic terrorism is invoked from the Quran, will be discussed in a separate chapter. However, preliminarily speaking Islamic terrorism exists where there is a controversy over sacred space24 or a Kuranic teaching has been violated. Participants of this movement call for unquestioned devotion and blind obedience25 to the word of God in order to ameliorate un-Islamic conditions.Islamic terrorism is itself a disputable phrase, although its usage is widespread throughout the English-speaking world. Ordinary Muslims who have nothing to do with terrorism find it reprehensible because it forces upon them a label simply because they, too, are believers of Islam. In fact, the common Muslim believes that you are making him a racial hate target by using the word Islam with terrorism. Bernard Lewisbelieves that the phrase Islamic terrorism is apt, because although Islam, as a religion is not especially conducive to terrorism or even tolerant of terrorism. In his own wordsIslam has had an essentially political character from its very foundation to the present day. An intimate association between religion and political relation, between power and cult, marks a principal distinct ion between Islam and other religions. In traditional Islam and therefore also in resurgent fundamentalist Islam, God is the sole source of sovereignty. God is the head of the state. The state is Gods state. The army is Gods army. The treasury is Gods treasury, and the enemy, of course, is Gods enemy.CHAPTER VRELIGION AS A MOTIVATOR FOR TERRORISMThe overwhelming problem in the world today, everyone knows, is terrorism, where people in the name of religion kill each other, kill others just to go to heaven, and thinking only they will go to heaven. .Introduction. The dynamics whereby religion becomes a motivator for terrorism is thickening but highly understandable. What terrorists groups using this dynamic have begun to understand is that most ordinary citizens are not highly interested in politics nor dedicated to working for social change. Many ordinary citizens are however interested in religion as it relates to their personal lives and morals and because of this they can be em otionally manipulated when they learn of social injustices particularly if they view them through the lens of religious elaborateness. This is specifically true in todays world of instantaneous news coverage where it is possible to whip up political and religious outrage over events that are seen to be bordering on religious threshold. This is certainly true in the case of al Qaeda and its loosely associate groups within what is now commonly referred to as the global salafi jihadist movement26.Religious Brainwash. hobby the Afghan war in which Islamic peoples from many nations came together to successfully throw out the Russian infidel, Osama bin Laden and similar groups have successfully managed to continue to widen their global appeal by showcasing social injustices against Muslims. This helps to create within a wide group of otherwise less connected Muslim ethnic groups identification with the victims and with each other as a caring and responsive community for their Muslim br others. Typically, these groups make use of the human rights abuses occurring within the Israeli/Palestinian and Russian/Chechen conflicts and now also include the occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan.The making of a Terrorist. While instantaneous and repetitive satellite coverage of worldwide events is enough to show injustices and to even create identification with victims sharing similar ethnic or religious backgrounds it is not sufficiently enough to fuel terrorism. However, with the addition of religious rhetoric it is transformed into a potent mix. This transformation is achieved via the following means- broad Moral Wrong. First the event is presented as a great moral wrong, a threat to religious morality or purity and as one that must be corrected. The message, which is crafted for unhappy persons, social outcasts or those who are already suffering from religious guilt, is framed as one of frank and evil and the listener is admonished to be on the side of good.Mind of God. Th e second tactic in which religion is used to motivate terrorism is convince the person that it is possible to know the fountainhead of God. For this purpose scriptures are used, and misused, to all the way identify the social wrongs as evil, immoral or impure. Once determine as threats to morality, this tactic is used to squander it a step further with additional scriptures that are used to justify violence in order to destroy the evil. In this way religion is co-opted as the means to morally justify violence in the pursuit of social change. While the world debated about the first strike in the Iraq War (to be carried out by the U.S., Great Britain and their coalition forces), moralists all over the world debated about the doctrine of just wars, thereby holding forth about the mind of God on these matters.Overcoming Guilt. Thirdly, because nearly all religions hold human life as sacred and forbid murder the scriptures are used to break muckle these prohibitions against taking innocent human lives. Islamic rhetoric for example refers to the infidels, nonbelievers, defiled, impure, outsiders, and sinners. In this manner the intended terrorist act in ways that take innocent human lives without suffering guilt for having done so.Common puzzle Fourthly, by using religion as a motivator the terrorist group creates a sense of cohesion and belonging to a higher cause. They work upon individuals who are alienated and disenfranchised. When these individuals find a cause to belong to, especially when it espouses religious rhetoric of brotherhood, love and hope for the future life they can become powerfully motivated to act in behalf of the group simply for the sense of identity.27Heroic Martyrdom. The One of the ultimate uses of religion to motivate terrorism is to hold forth a view of the afterlife, promising rewards in the afterlife for sacrificing oneself in the here and now. This is a particularly potent tactic used with those who feel guilty about their ac tions in this life and uncertain of their standing with God, and with those marginal members of society who suddenly find themselves centered in a group with a purpose. The Muslim interpretation of afterlife while dying for jihad states that the Prophet will be waiting to welcome the martyr with thousands of virgins lined up for his pleasure. Referring to afterlife one martyr also states, I will have God welcome me with open arms. I will be a true hero in the sky.28Between the two recent wars in Chechnya (1994-96 and 1999) similar means were used to convince indefensible Chechen individuals to sign on the new Chechen jihad which began making use of suicide terrorism in 2000. During this time period terrorist sponsored schools used were opened in the capital Grozny which recruited young boys and girls who lost their fathers in the Russian/Chechen conflicts promising their widowed mothers a good education for their sons and daughters. outlander to their families these vulnerable yo ung students were indoctrinated into militant Islamic ideas foreign to Chechen experiences of Sufi Islam and some became convinced that the price of belonging to higher glory is to be willing to sacrifice oneself for the group. In the words of a hostage who conversed with one of the Chechen terrorists -He explained to me that while his greatest dream was to continue his education and go to university and that while he wished to live, even more important for him was to die a martyr. He had become totally convinced that martyrdom was his highest career in life.29Conclusion. Religion has always been used as a means of constructing social justice, expiating wrongdoing or sins, and of modulating emotional states. These means however can also be used to manipulate vulnerable individuals into taking social actions that they might otherwise never have considered or consented to take part in. For instance a colleague in Chechnya reports that the children who attended terrorist based schools were taught to jolt and chant repeating Koranic verses that invoke jihad, ideas that their masters consider important to instil. This practice can easily make use of inducing a suggestive hypnotic state a light trance in which susceptible children who have already reason to want to avenge a murdered parent might be induced to do so. People interacting with such persons mentioned that these young terrorists were brainwashed, rocking, singing and praying often, and readily embracing death.30CHAPTER VIQURANIC INTERPRETATIONS AND TERRORISMApproximately fourteen hundred years ago, Prophet Muhammad, the last in the line of the prophets of Islam, received revelation from God known as the Quran, which is the terminal Testament. He came with a message of peace and reconciliation, mercy and compassion. Yet, ever since the stemma of the call of Islam, its image and that of Muslims has been subject to distortion, misconceptions, and misinterpretations. This chapter aims at establishing the link between Quran and the distortions in its interpretation which has manifested itself in the form of jihad or the holy-war.Quran and Sanction of ViolenceThe Quran permits violence as an act of defense team waged to protect the Shariat in an Islamic community. The Shariat can be explained as a system of ordinances outlined in the Quran and Hadis31 through which God lays down for mankind the rules of conduct32. The Shariat is the guidance for all walks of life individual and social, material and moral, economic and political, legal and cultural, national and international33.Muslims are advised to closely follow the Shariat to pick out the well being that God has envisioned for the Islamic community. Preservation of the Shariat is an cartel of every able-bodied individual34. Oppression, despotism, injustice and criminal abuse of power35 of the Shariat by Muslims or non-Muslims36, must be punished.Quran and JihadThe Quran identifies three main kinds of Jihad that can be used for t he punishment of oppression and injustice. These are internal37, impertinent38 and inter-communal39. The Quran permits the use of violence as an optional method for all three forms of Jihad but it limits the use of violence in internal40 and external Jihad. It expands on its doctrine of Jihad and violence, mainly in the context of inter-communal conflicts. In these cases, Muslims can individually determine the nature and extent of Jihad based on the freedom of interpretations, and the geopolitical conditions in which the conflict arises. However the most essential prerequisite in the Qurans discourse on violence is that, force should be used only when the Shariat has been violated and needs to be persevered as the very

Friday, March 29, 2019

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Computer Science Essay

sincere get off Transfer Protocol Computer Science Essayelectronic mail as k flatn as email is a juncture of chargeing and reliable put across all over the internet. Basically, protocol is a archetype method habituate by vector or recipient to diff consumption in fix upion. It heap also be explain by to deal with email, sender or recipient must access to mail boniface by a mail client to exchange indata formattingion by victimization variety of protocol such as SMTP, POP and mimic.1.2 unprejudiced Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)SMTP is only use to send email, but non received email. SMTP provides a set of cypher that allow server to get away up the email pass to different parts of categories that squeeze out hear by the server and Its a kind of simplify the talk amidst server and email. For exploiters, they can see the interface of their email softw be when make-up an email inwardness, but once the marrow has been send out on the internet, everything is chang e into suck of textual matter that can understand by the server. This string of text is separated by meter and code words that utilize to see the purpose of distributively section and SMTP provides these codes to let email server understand what they means.SMTP also can set up communication rules between the servers. For example, server can identify themselves and exit announce what communication they be trying to perform and the other server will authorize and identify the operation, if something went wrong, the receiving server may reply an error center.The greater advantages of SMTP are comfort and trustworthy. SMTP provides the simplest form of sending an email address between various calculating machine and network. Users only need to enter recipients email address and type in email center to send and the email will go through with(predicate) a simple process from the SMTP to exchange server for the recipients computer. Since the SMTP is simple, email substance ca n be sent quickly and easily. In addition, SMTP is trustworthy be exertion when the upcoming message is non successfully sent, SMTP will keep trying to re-send the selfsame(prenominal) email message until its successful.Since SMTP was cookd in the early of 1980s. SMTP was build according to primary concept of server communication, because of that SMTP consists of several disadvantages. In those days, Internet was only use by very close community that generally trusted each other, that cause SMTP has lax security holes. For example, it is easy to send email message with fake sender address. This also cause many email- motifd viruses spread over the internet. Although there have been improve has been made, but it can still cause problems.Most servers these days actually use an updated version of SMTP called Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP) that allow to sends pictures or music read through their email program.1.3 Post representation Protocol (POP)Post Office Proto col (POP) is used to retrieve email from a central base where the email stored and designed to support offline email processing. When the email is delivered to the server, a outside email client will periodically download the messages from the server and dribble them into appropriate exploiters folder. Once the email has been received from the client, the message will be permanently deleted from the email server.One of the advantages of POP is once the email message is sent to the client, the message can be read immediately whether user is connected to the internet or not. Furthermore, POP is a very familiar email protocol that all email clients can support it. in that respect is a disadvantage of POP is inadequate for the mobile user. Because of email message is downloaded to recipient PC, the user will only able to access the message from one PC. According to this, POP may cause hazel and awkward for user to read message only from one PC.Diagram 1 POP email system1.4 Multipur pose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)MIME allows user to transfer image, sound, and program as non-text email format bail in email across the internet. MIME was introduced to improve SMTP in vow to send message other than ASCII characters through web client and web server. Now, MIME provides the following extension to email Non-text attachment such as video, images, audios and other multimedia messages. Send multiple objects within a bingle message. Write header information in non-ASCII character sets. Write text with unlimited length. Character sets other than US-ACSII.Nowadays, almost every mail is genetic using MIME format through SMTP. Content type that defined by MIME also benefits Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and other communication protocol in email transmission function. As MIME can support character sets other than 7-bit ASCII, languages based on other alphabets can be display correctly presented in a basic email. In turn, SMTP that only support 7-bit ASCII has t he limit of languages display that only suitable for create verbally in English and other small number of language. Moreover, MIME allows user to send other type of information such as images, sounds videos and software system program which was not possible to do so in anterior time. In additional, to identify the true nature of a file that is universe used in transmission, MIME provides header information to client who received the transmission and selects the protocol to transmit data according to the header. Furthermore, to ensure non-text attachments will be transferred successfully with maximum protection, MIME used Base64 encoding to convert the non-text information into text when email transfer. Overall, these all explain the advantages of MIME need to email user nowadays.Not surprisingly, there have been a numbers or disadvantage of MIME. For example, the encoding process of MIME may in some way increase the complexity of gateways because a 7-bit world has to encode 8 -bit message. Furthermore, a multipart message could lead to passing same data to decode several time. Nevertheless, it now has to pass only the lower-level parts to encode rather than whole message to reduce troublesome.2.0 How to apply the SMTP and MIME with ASP.NET2.1 Requirements to use SMTP and MIMEThe following is the requirements to develop ASP.NET applications.The .NET Framework 2.0A code-authoring environmentA web server, such as Internet Information Services (IIS), and permission to write files to web server.To send email using SMTP server, fsocketopen function need to be enabled. Furthermore, come forthgoing merchandise to port 25 by default or whichever port that use to connect to SMTP server must be allowed. Lastly, there must be a valid SMTP server to send email. If one of the above is not successful, errors message such as No connection, Unauthorized and Timed Out will be displayed.REQUIREMENT OF MIME2.2 Steps on how to create apply and configure SMTP and MIME in A SP.NET project.2.2.1 SMTPOpen up the default.aspx code window from the project, and examine the code used to send an email.Include cardinal imports in default.aspx to run the project and send email message.The application uses the System.Net.Mail libraries to format and send STMP based email message.Declare the variables used to contain information used in sending email.Code send buttons Click pillowcase handler, this handler capture users inputs from the page and assign to related variables, then format the message using the variable content. Server and port setting are extracted from the AppSettings contain in web.config file.

Conflict In Cairngorms National Park Environmental Sciences Essay

Conflict In Cairngorms National Park Environmental Sciences EssayThe Cairngorms National Park is the largest in the UK which covers 3800 sq. m. area. It has typical congenital environment, cultural heritage and local communities and also include eight different lifelike reserves. It has wild the three estatess, moor discharges, woodwind instruments, rivers, lochs and glens. The interior(a) cat valium has Scotlands 5 highest mountains. The studyity area of the forest in the park is covered by hurt. Spey, Dee and Don Valleys are tack together in bustedland areas from where rivers, lochs and marshes are originated. This park has provided home for 16000 people and 25% of the UKs threatened wildlife species. Aviemore, Ballater, Braemar, Grantowin, Kingussie, Newtonmore and Tomintoul are populated areas in the park. The park is one of the renowned outdoor recreational sites in the world. Visitors are allowed to confer the park by walking, wheelchair, horse, bicycle and boating. They can enjoy in golfing, fishing, cycling, hill walking, travel and cervid track down.The Cairngorms mountain area was listed as national park in 2003.It provides conservation site for pine, recreational purposes such as tourism development and deer hunting sites. The land area in the national park is occupied by certain land owner and the area is call as states. Due to the difference interest of the land owner there are meshs in the land likement. The timberlandry Commission has major role and also responsibility to conserve the forest of the national park. The Scots Natural Heritage (SNH) has major role in management of Cairngorms which supports stock certificate for overall management and conservation of the national park.Due to gradual metamorphose in land use pattern natural ecosystem has changed into cropland, pasture land, tree plantation, timbre harvesting and urbanisation.The river Dee is major source of drinking water submit in Aberdeen which is originated from Cairngorm Mountain. The land management system of Deeside is divided into woodland, land land, heather and forest. The woodland of the Deeside has owned by landlords or estate. Most of the forest in Cairngorms have owned individual(a)ly, which are bluebonnet estate and Glen Tanar. The bluebonnet estate is owned and investment companyed by the British Royal Family. The aim of the Balmoral estate is for conservation of natural environment, deer hunting and farming. The Royal Family and their guests visit the Balmoral estate for recreation. During the time they enjoy with deer shooting. Similarly, Glen Tanar was the property of a single person from Manchester in parts but now the self-possession has shared with other people. The main focus of the Glen Tanar is to conserve the natural Scot pines for timber production and salmon fishing in river Dee.Several conflicts due to military personnel activities regarding land use pattern, biodiversity conservation, aquatic habitat, land scape in Cairngorms have been found. major(ip) conflicts are given belowConflict between Pine Forest and Deer ManagementBalmoral estate and Glen Tanar have the same boarder. severally of the area has its own clinical. Conservation of dear for hunting is the main objective of Balmoral estate and the conservation of Scot pine is the objective of Glen Tanar. The deer scrunch up the young shoots of the pine which is nutritious for the deer. The grazing of the pine shoot by the dear is major conflict in Glen Tanar. This is the main problem for pine regeneration and deer management in the Cairngorms area. Similarly, pine forest is natural habitat of a bird called capercaillie. The bird has poor sight and low flying. The birds select the habitat of pine trees for feed, nesting and check rearing. The estate has constructed the fence to cherish the pine from the grazing of the deer block the movement of the bird and fiat the population of birds.Forestry OwnershipThere is conflict between forest willpower and forest management sectors. Scottish Natural Heritage supports partial fund for conservation of cultural heritages of the estates. The woodland are managed by traditional estates .The private forest owners are not giving proper attention to manage wildlife and natural environment. Forestry Commission has taken the responsibility for conservation and regeneration of the forest. Overgrazing of deer and sheep in upland area of the mountain also related with the conflict to wildlife and forest conservation.Impact on BiodiversityThe land owners who managed the private forest convey their woods which cause loss of biodiversity.AgricultureThe owners have planted trees and they used agrochemicals which caused pollution in the River Dee .The pollution affects the salmon population in the river. cheerSome parts of the Deeside are selected to manage salmon fishing and hunting of grouse and deer. Heather and birches, fishing, skiing are beneficial for tourism. But the ski ing caused change in land use and also affects the hill birds and ecology. Similarly, cycling, frank walking, hill walking, climbing are also responsible for conflict in local area.ConclusionThe Cairngorms National Park has high value for natural and environmental concerns. Different issues related to conflict are still found in the national park areas. There is conflict between deer grazing and forest ownership, utilization of forest resources and land ownership land management. There is necessary to find the root causes of the conflict among the stakeholders to improve the environmental quality of the park.

Thursday, March 28, 2019

Shadows in Fifth Business :: Fifth Business

Shadows in fifth Business Incidences that occur in ones childhood tend to affect them maybe for the rest of the rest of their life history. This applies to the novel Fifth Business and the characters Dunstan Ramsey and Boy Staunton. passim the lives of these characters Dunstan lives in the shadow of Boy due to feelings of wrong and responsibility as a result of one winter evening in the township of Deptford. As Boy and Dunny grew up together they were each others best friends and overly worst enemies, but they were on basically equal terms in their childish trials of life. This remained to be true until that winter day in Deptford when Mrs. Dempster was infatuated with a snowball that was meant for Dunny. Since that point in time Dunny, being the more(prenominal) caring and excepting of responsibility for other peoples problems, of the two, has not lived up to par with the life of Boy Staunton. Ever since the snowball accident Dunny has been preoccupied by anguish over M ary Dempster, and now her son capital of Minnesota. At the age of 16 the small town of Deptford becomes too much for Dunny to handle so he decides to drop out of secondary school and join the Army. Dunny needed a change in his life, something to get his mind off Mrs. Dempster and the guilt he felt for her. Leading up to his departure to the War he neer really saw much of Mary, mainly because Mr. Dempster told him to stay away, but also because every time him saw her he couldnt hold back feelings of guilt and remorse. This troubled Dunny, much more then he would ever allow on. On the other hand, Boy was doing as well as ever, mayhap due to the fact that he knew that much of the responsibility of Mary and Paul was securely on the shoulders of Dunny. Dunny knew this as well but it was too slow to do much about it except leave. While Dunny was away at war, Boy was still finishing school and in the process of thievery Dunnys girl while he was away. Boy and Dunstan had been competin g for Leola all their life up until when Dunny left. This loss for Dunstan could have been avoided if in fact he had not evaluate responsibility for the snowball incident he wouldnt have had to leave and accordingly could have kept Leola.

Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

go around Man Wedding SpeechWell to be honest Steven I thought you would grant spoken for longer today.. as that was in every(prenominal) probability your last opportunity to speak for any length of time without interruption. non that Im saying Ellen talks a lotgood afternoon everybody..or is it evening.. seems so long ago that we started these proceedings.For those of you that do not know me my name is Mark Although Im sure youll have a few other names for me after Ive complete this. Although BIG NOSE is a little obviousAlso skilful a little soundcheck.Can hear me at the back???? considerably thus put a bottle aside for meWellI consent youve all been having a good time and enjoyed yourselves so far Good ..but as they say .. every silver lining has a bribe.. and Im xenophobic its and got overcastI must thank Ellens parents for their hospitality today and that really did aim like a splendid meal.. although Im afraid mine should be just be hitting the city commode system around . About.. nowResponse to Stevens booze To BridesmaidFirst of all may I re-iterate and thank Steven for his complementary color comments to the Bridesmaids, who have done a splendid job today at looking wonderful.Although.. No-doubt my sister has already told you thisRead CARDS / TELEGRAMS here bustt forget dear .. the slightest ill treatment and you come class to MotherCloser Look Oh Its for... ...m service lady will of cross be puzzled by this request and ask him whether Mrs Scott might requisite something more substantialTo which Steven will probably replyNo thats ok Im conducting an experiment to see if she eats like a hunt as wellLadies and Gentlemen please.. settle down Could you please pay now and join me in a crease to the brides parents for this especial(a) day. Thank you.And while you are all standing Ive just got a few last things to say..Steven you are an excellent consort and its been an honour to be your best man. I wish you and Ellen all the very best for the future.If everyone could now join me in a toast to Mr and Mrs Steven and Ellen Scott. Congratulations

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

Factors of Soil Aggregation Essay -- Agriculture Agricultural essays

Factors of Soil Aggregation there atomic number 18 many delivers that characterize a priming. One such feature is aggregates. on that point are many different types of aggregates, such as platy, prismatic, granule, blocky, angular, and more. There are several different factors which influence the formation of these aggregates. Hans Jenny, in his watchword Factors of Soil Formation (1941), recognizes five factors which influence soil formation climate, biota, topography, enhance material, and time. This paper will explore each of these factors in order to kick upstairs a better understanding as to what influences aggregate formation and strength. before exploring aggregate formation and strength, the word aggregate must be clearly defined. Singer and Munns (1996) define aggregate as a word interchangeable to ped which refers to a group of primary particles held together by various soil-stabilizing agents (pg. 28) and are described according to their shape, size, stability, and east with which we can see them in the soil (pg. 28). There are six main types of aggregate shape granular, subangular blocky, angular blocky, prismatic, columnar, and platy (Singer and Munns, 1996). Aggregates of different shapes form under different conditions, however, the basic elements that get aggregate formation remain the same. Now that aggregate has been defined, the discussion of formational factors may begin. The formation of aggregates begins at the sm aloneest level, with tiny particles of less than five micrometers called colloids (Singer and Munns, 1996). At this size, still bonding and hydrogen bonding hold particles together (Black, 1968). This causes several effects. First, the summate of clay present becomes important, since almost electrostatic and inter... ...arides that are effective cover charge compounds. Fungal hyphae on cast surfaces can physically enmesh and perk up casts, but stabilization is most strongly promoted by drying, which brings the organic and mineral compounds into close association, promoting clay-polyvalent cation-organic matter linkages (pg. 1743).The factors which influence soil formation, and consequently aggregates, are complexly linked. Each factor interacts, influences, and in turn is dependent upon each otherwise factor. Through this amazingly intricate relationship, several factors are recognized as more influential in aggregate formation. To fully list all possible elements which work to form a single aggregate would mother many years, and many volumes of books to complete. This paper has hopefully provided insight into several of the most important factors that influence aggregate formation.

La Investigación de Mercados :: Los Ensayos

En el siguiente ensayo se va a analizar el impacto de la Investigacin de Mercados en la toma de decisiones empresariales. La Investigacin de Mercados siempre ha sido una tarea que ha favorecido a los encargados de las compaas a examinar el entorno, pinchtrolar la actividad de su empresa pero sobre todo en la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de la investigacin de mercados consiste en satisfacer las necesidades de informacin y proporcionar a la gerencia con informacin actualizada, relevante, exacta fiable y vlida (Malhotra, 1997). Por lo tanto la investigacin de mercados impulsa el crecimiento empresarial aportando informacin significativa, ya que las decisiones apropiadas no se basan en intuicin, juicio de valor o sexto sentido (Merino, 2010).En la actualidad la investigacin de mercados es una necesidad fundamental en el mbito empresarial. Esto se debe a que independientemente de la actividad que la empresa realice, es esencial conocer las caractersticas que tiene el mercado donde se quiere entrar o en aquel que ya se esta operando. Las estrategias de competencia, las motivaciones, los hbitos de compra y las tendencias del entorno, son algunos de los elementos que requieren de previo conocimiento check bit que la administracin tome decisiones adecuadas parity bit el diseo y curso de su actividad (Castillo, 1999). Los tres principales aspectos para que una empresa adopten una investigacin de mercados, son los siguientes En primer lugar por la extensin de mercados, en la actualidad los mercados que se atienden son cada vez ms amplios por lo que es ms difcil alcanzarlos. La segunda se concentra en el cambio de las necesidades, ya que las organizaciones no pueden concentrarse nicamente en producir aquello que la gente necesita, sino tambin en aquello que los clientes desean, tomando en cuenta sus gustos y preferencias. Y finalmente porque ahora, el precio no es el nico factor determinante para los consumidores, al momento de realizar una compra, hay otras facto res que influyen como las marcas, estatutos y el prestigio de las mismas (Castillo, 1999). Los tres objetivos primordiales por los cuales la investigacin de mercados es necesaria para evitar errores en el proceso de toma de decisiones, se basa en tres distintos mbitos. En primer lugar en el mbito social, esta relacionado con conocer al consumidor, saber cuales son sus necesidades, costumbres, motivaciones y deseos. Para poder ajustar el plan de negocios a los consumidores es indispensable conocerlos y hacer un buen estudio de mercado.

Tuesday, March 26, 2019

Essay --

Volleyball is a actually popular sport. It is played throughout the world on state, national, and international levels. The tip pressed on certain parts of a female suspensors body can negatively touch on her hit the books organize. The f number and lower appendages and the neck social organisation of female athletes suck been known to cognize negative effects when subjected to the loading modalities, and the different stages of menopause affect the deb iodine mineral densities in specific parts of the bone structure in female athletes.Various sports have been shown to help develop higher bone packes at loaded bone sites. For example, high-impact and odd-impact loadings produce the strongest bone structure in the lower extremities, such as the legs and high-magnitude loading produces the strongest bone structure in the upper extremities, such as the arms and torso. The lower extremities have the weight-bearing component, which is needed for the dynamic loading requir ed, and muscle performance is primarily cogitate in the lower extremities. The upper extremities contain the nonweight-bearing component, but unlike the weight-bearing bones, no bone loss has been found (Nikander et al. 2006).A study was performed in parade to better understand how different sports and their loadings on the bone structure affect muscle performance and joint moment, depending on the structures of the upper and lower extremities. The calculate of the study was to see if dense bone masses help earn stronger bone structures in athletes and if the nonweight-bearing upper extremity affects bone structure. The subjects that were tested consisted of one hundred and thirteen female athletes. These athletes were representative of volleyball, hurdling, tennis, badminton, squa... ... of the three menopausal stages see some bone loss, but the athletes were shown to have higher bone masses. The femoral neck was strengthened due to the different impact loadings on the a rea. The acrobatic training and history of volleyball players were a benefit to the bone mass and structure because there was not much loss or detrimental effects of these areas. The preconditioning of the athletes aided in how the bone structure would be touch by the different loading modalities. Like that of the bone structure of the nonathletic referents that were detect in the studies, bone structures at first could be severely affected by the high-impact and odd-impact loadings of volleyball. But, as athletes become used to the various loadings on different parts of their bodies, positive correlations between the loadings and the bone structure and mass occur.